Violencia en América Latina: ¿qué factores aumentan el riesgo de ser victimizado dentro de la prisión?
Resumen
El artículo contribuye a expandir el conocimiento sobre la violencia en contexto de encierro en América Latina, a partir del análisis de la Encuesta a Personas Privadas de Libertad realizada en seis países de la región. Identifica los factores de riesgo que incrementan la vulnerabilidad de los varones privados de libertad a ser victimizados dentro de la prisión. Los resultados muestran que las personas detenidas más proclives a ser víctimas de violencia dentro de la prisión son quienes tienen menor edad, fueron víctimas de violencia durante su infancia, reciben visitas poco frecuentes, son reincidentes, consumen alcohol y/o drogas dentro del penal, conciben cierto nivel de corrupción entre los agentes de seguridad y/o, además, están en penales con problemas de hacinamiento. En la misma línea, quienes emplean la mayor parte de su tiempo dentro del penal en trabajar y/o estudiar, y/o quienes están detenidos por drogas son menos propensos a ser victimizados. El artículo sugiere posibles estrategias de intervención para erradicar la violencia dentro de los centros penitenciarios, para reforzar su rol “reintegrador”.
Descargas
Citas
Aebi, Marcelo. 2008. Temas de criminología. Madrid: Dykinson.
Akerstrom, Malin. 1986. “Outcasts in Prison: The Cases of Iinformers and Sex Ooffenders”. Deviant Behavior 7 (1): 1-12. doi.org/10.1080/01639625.1986.9967691
Aos, Steve, Marna Millery y Elizabeth Drake. 2006. “Evidence-based Public Policy Options to Reduce Future Prison Construction, Criminal Justice Costs, And Crime Rates”. Fed. Sent. R. 19: 275-290. doi.org/10.1525/fsr.2007.19.4.275
Arbach-Lucioni, Karin, Marian Martinez-García y Antonio Andrés-Pueyo. 2012. “Risk Factors for Violent Behavior in Prison Inmates: A Cross-cultural Contribution”. Criminal Justice and Behavior 39 (9): 1219-1239. doi.org/10.1177/0093854812445875
Auty, Katherine, Aiden Cope y Alison Liebling. 2017. “Psychoeducational Programs for Reducing Prison Violence: A Systematic Review”. Aggression and Violent Behavior 33: 126-143. doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.018
Ayala, Gilberto, Julio Garay, Miguel Aragon, Tom Decroo y Rony Zachariah. 2016. “Trends in Tuberculosis Notification and Treatment Outcomes in Prisons: A Country-Wide Assessment in El Salvador from 2009–2014”. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública 39: 38-43.
Beck, Allen, Marcus Berzofsky, Rachel Caspar y Christopher Krebs. 2013. Sexual Victimization in Prisons and Jails Reported by Inmates, 2011-12. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
Berk, Richard, y Jan de Leeuw. 1999. “An Evaluation of California's Inmate Classification System Using a Generalized Regression Discontinuity Design”. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94(448): 1045-1052. doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1999.10473857
Bierie, David. 2012. “Is Tougher Better? The Impact of Physical Prison Conditions on Inmate Violence”. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 56 (3): 338-355. doi.org/10.1177/0306624X11405157
Bottoms, Anthony. 1999. “Interpersonal Violence and Social Order in Prisons”. Crime and justice 26: 205-281. doi.org/10.1086/449298
Byrne, James, y Don Hummer. 2007. “In Search of the "Tossed Salad Man" (and Others Involved in Prison Violence): New Strategies for Predicting and Controlling Violence in Prison”. Aggresion and Violent Behavior 12 (5): 531-541. doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2007.02.001
Camarero Rioja, Luis, Alejandro Almazán Llorente y Beatriz Mañas Ramírez. 2015. “Regresión logística: fundamentos y aplicación a la investigación sociológica”. Informe.
Camp, Scott, Gerald Gaes, Neal Langan y William Saylor. 2003. “The Influence of Prisons on Inmate Misconduct: A Multilevel Investigation”. Justice Quarterly, 20: 501-533. doi.org/10.1080/07418820300095601
Cohen, Lawrence, y Marcus Felson. 1979. “Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach”. American sociological review 4 (44): 588-608. doi.org/10.2307/2094589
Connell, Anne, y David Farrington. 1996. “Bullying among Incarcerated Young Offenders: Developing an Interview Schedule and Some Preliminary Results”. Journal of Adolescence 19 (1): 75-93. doi.org/10.1006/jado.1996.0007
Cooke, David J., Ed Wozniak y Lorraine Johnstone. 2008. “Casting light on prison violence in Scotland: Evaluating the Impact of Situational Risk Factors”. Criminal Justice and behavior 35 (8): 1065-1078. doi.org/10.1177/0093854808318867
Cooley, Dennis. 1993. “Criminal Victimization in Male Federal Prisons”. Canadian J. Criminology 35 (4): 479-495.
Davis, Alan. 1968. “Sexual Assaults in the Philadelphia Prison System and Sheriff's vans”. Society 6 (2): 8-17. doi.org/10.1007/BF03180854
Davis, Lois, Robert Bozick, Jennifer Steele, Jessica Saunders y Jeremy Miles. 2013. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education: A Meta-Analysis of Programs That Provide Education to Incarcerated. Washington: Bureau of Justice Assistance/US Department of Justice. doi.org/10.7249/RR266
Ellison, Mark, Kirstine Szifris, Racheñ Horan y Chris Fox. 2017. “A Rapid Evidence Assessment of the Effectiveness of Prison Education in Reducing Recidivism and Increasing Employment”. The Probation Journal 64 (2): 108-128. doi.org/10.1177/0264550517699290
Gadon, Lisa, Lorraine Johnstone y David Cooke. 2006. “Situational Variables and Institutional Violence: A Systematic Review of the Literature”. Clinical psychology review 26 (5): 515-534. doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.02.002
Gaes, Gerald, y William McGuire. 1985. “Prison Violence: The Contribution of Crowding Versus Other Determinants of Prison Assault Rates”. Journal of research in crime and delinquency 22 (1): 41-65. doi.org/10.1177/0022427885022001003
Gambetta, Diego. 2009. Codes of the Underworld: How Criminals Communicate. Princeton: Princeton University Press. doi.org/10.1515/9781400833610
García-Guerrero, J., y A. Marco. 2012. “Sobreocupación en los Centros Penitenciarios y su impacto en la salud”. Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria 14 (3): 106-113. doi.org/10.4321/S1575-06202012000300006
Hensley, Christopher, Jeremy Wright, Richard Tewksbury y Tammy Castle. 2003. “The Evolving Nature of Prison Argot and Sexual Hierarchies”. The Prison Journal 83 (3): 289-300. doi.org/10.1177/0032885503256330
Hindelang, Michael, Michael Gottfredson y James Garofalo. 1978. Victims of Personal Crime: An Empirical Foundation for a Theory of Personal Victimization. Cambridge: Ballinger.
Ireland, Jane. 1999. “Bullying Behaviors among Male and Female Prisoners: A Study of Adult and Young Offenders”. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression 25 (3): 161-178.
Irwin, John. 2005. The Warehouse Prison: Disposal of the New Dangerous Class. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Jacobson, Jessica, Catherine Heard y Helen Fair. 2017. Prison: Evidence of its Use And Over Use From Around The World. Londres: Institute for Criminal Policy Research/University of London.
Jenness, Valerie, Cheryl Maxson, Jennifer Sumner y Kristy Matsuda. 2010. “Accomplishing the Difficult but Not Impossible: Collecting Self-Report Data on Inmate-On-Inmate Sexual Assault in Prison”. Criminal Justice Policy Review 21 (1): 3-30. doi.org/10.1177/0887403409341451
Jenness, Valerie, Lori Sexton y Jennifer Sumner. 2019. “Sexual Victimization Against Transgender Women In Prison: Consent and Coercion in Context”. Criminology 57 (4): 603-631. doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12221
Kerbs, John, y Jennifer Jolley. 2007. “Inmate-on-inmate Victimization among Older Male Prisoners”. Crime y Delinquency 53 (2): 187-218. doi.org/10.1177/0011128706294119
Kidd, Robert, y Ellen Chayet. 2010. “Why Do Victims Fail to Report? The Psychology of Criminal Victimization”. Journal of Social Issues 40 (1): 39-50. doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01081.x
Kuo, Shih-Ya, Steven Cuvelier y Yung-Shun Huang. 2014. “Identifying Risk Factors for Victimization Among Male Prisoners in Taiwan”. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 58: 231-257. doi.org/10.1177/0306624X12465272
Lahm, Karen. 2009. “Inmate Assaults On Prison Staff: A Multilevel Examination of an Overlooked Form of Prison Violence”. The Prison Journal 89 (2): 131-150. doi.org/10.1177/0032885509334743
Liebling, Alison. 2004. Prisons and Their Moral Performance: A Study of Values, Quality and Prison life. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Limoncelli, Katherine, Jeff Mellow y Chongmin Na. 2019. “Determinants of Intercountry Prison Incarceration Rates and Overcrowding in Latin America and the Caribbean”. International Criminal Justice Review 1 (30): 1-20. doi.org/10.1177/1057567719830530
Listwan, Shelley, Christopher Sullivan, Robert Agnew, Francis Cullen y Mark Colvin. 2011. “The Pains of Imprisonment Revisited: The Impact of Strain on Inmate Recidivism”. Justice Quarterly 30 (1): 144-168. doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.597772
Listwan, Shelley, Leah Daigle, Jennifer Hartman y Wendy Guastaferro. 2014. “Poly-Victimization Risk in Prison: The Influence of Individual and Institutional Factors”. Journal of interpersonal violence 29 (13): 2458-2481. doi.org/10.1177/0886260513518435
MacKenzie Doris L. 2006. What Works in Corrections? Reducing the Criminal Activities of Offenders and Delinquents. Nueva York: Cambridge University Press. doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499470
Mooney, Jessica, y Michael Daffern. 2015. “The Relationship between Aggressive Behaviour in Prison and Violent Offending Following Release”. Psychology, Crime & Law 21 (4): 314-329. doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2014.989163
Morash, Merry, Seokjin Jeong, Miriam Bohmert y Daniel Bush. 2012. “Men's Vulnerability to Prisoner-On-Prisoner Sexual Violence: A State Correctional System Case Study”. The Prison Journal 92 (2): 290-311. doi.org/10.1177/0032885512439185
Sanhueza, Guillermo. 2015. “Diseño e implementación de la primera encuesta de percepción de calidad de vida penitenciaria en Chile: propuestas y desafíos para el sistema penitenciario”. Economía y Política 2 (1): 5-32.
Schenk, Allison, y William Fremouw. 2012. “Individual Characteristics Related to Prison Violence: A Critical Review of the Literature”. Aggression and Violent Behavior 17 (5): 430-442. doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.005
Sorensen, Jon, y Mark Cunningham. 2010. “Conviction Offense and Prison Violence: A Comparative Study of Murderers and Other Offenders”. Crime y Delinquency 56 (1): 103-125. doi.org/10.1177/0011128707307175
Sorensen, Jon, Mark Cunningham, Mark Vigen y S. O. Woods. 2011. “Serious Assaults on Prison Staff: A Descriptive Analysis”. Journal of Criminal Justice 39 (2): 143-150. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.01.002
Sparks, Richard, Anthony Bottoms y Will Hay. 1996. Prisons and the Problem of Order. Oxford: Clarendon Press. doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198258186.001.0001
Steiner, Benjamin, Daniel Butler y Jared Ellison. 2014. “Causes and Correlates of Prison Inmate Misconduct: A Systematic Review of the Evidence”. Journal of Criminal Justice 42 (6): 462-470. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.08.001
Steiner, Benjamin, Jared Ellison, Daniel Butler y Calli Cain. 2017. “The Impact of Inmate and Prison Characteristics on Prisoner Victimization”. Trauma, Violence y Abuse 18 (1): 17-36. doi.org/10.1177/1524838015588503
Tahamont, Sarah. 2019. “The Effect of Facility Security Classification on Serious Rules Violation Reports in California Prisons: A Regression Discontinuity Design”. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 35 (4): 767-796. doi.org/10.1007/s10940-019-09405-0
Tartaro, Christene, y Marissa Levy. 2007. “Density, Inmate Assaults, and Direct Supervision Jails”. Criminal Justice Policy Review 18 (4): 395-417. doi.org/10.1177/0887403407299863
Toch, Hans. 1978. Social Climate and Prison Violence. Estados Unidos: Free Press.
Trajtenberg, Nicolás, y Olga Sánchez de Ribera. 2018. “Prison Violence. Definition, Assessment and Explanation”. Revista de Ciencias Sociales 32 (45): 147-175.
Trulson, Chad, Darin Haerle, Matt DeLisi y James Marquart. 2011. “Blended Sentencing, Early Release, and Recidivism of Violent Institutionalized Delinquents”. The Prison Journal 91 (3): 255-278. doi.org/10.1177/0032885511409868
Useem, Bert, y Anne Piehl. 2006. “Prison Buildup and Disorder". Punishment y Society 8 (1): 87-115. doi.org/10.1177/1462474506059141
Vaughn, Michael, y Allen Sapp. 1989. “Less than Utopian: Sex Offender Treatment in a Milieu of Power Struggles, Status Positioning, and Inmate Manipulation in State Correctional Institutions”. The Prison Journal 69 (2): 73-89. doi.org/10.1177/003288558906900210
Wolff, Nancy, Cynthia Blitz, Jing Shi, Jane Siegel y Ronet Bachman. 2007. “Physical Violence inside Prisons: Rates of Victimization”. Criminal justice and behavior, 34 (5): 588-599. doi.org/10.1177/0093854806296830
Wolff, Nancy, Jing Shi y Ronet Bachman. 2008. “Measuring Victimization Inside Prisons: Questioning the Questions”. Journal of interpersonal violence 23 (10): 1343-1362. doi.org/10.1177/0886260508314301
Wolff, Nancy, Jing Shi y Jane Siegel. 2009. “Understanding Physical Victimization Inside Prisons: Factors that Predict Risk”. Justice Quarterly 26 (3): 445-475. doi.org/10.1080/07418820802427858
Wood, Steven. 2013. “Dual Severe Mental and Substance use Disorders as Predictors of Federal Inmate Assaults”. The Prison Journal 93 (1): 34-56. doi.org/10.1177/0032885512467312
Wood, Steven, y Anthony Buttaro Jr. 2013. “Co-occurring Severe Mental Illnesses and Substance Abuse Disorders as Predictors of State Prison Inmate Assaults”. Crime & Delinquency 59 (4): 510-535. doi.org/10.1177/0011128712470318
Wooldredge, John. D. 1994. “Inmate Crime and Victimization in a Southwestern Correctional Facility”. Journal of Criminal Justice 22: 367-381. doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(94)90083-3
Wooldredge, John D. 1998. “Inmate Lifestyles and Opportunities for Victimization”. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35: 480-502. doi.org/10.1177/0022427898035004006
Wooldredge, John, y Benjamin Steiner. 2009. “Comparing Methods for Examining Relationships between Prison Crowding and Inmate Violence". Justice Quarterly 26 (4): 795-826. doi.org/10.1080/07418820802427841
Wooldredge, John, y Benjamin Steiner. 2012. “Race Group Differences in Prison Victimization Experiences”. Journal of Criminal Justice 40 (5): 358-369. doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.06.011
Wooldredge, John, y Benjamin Steiner. 2013. “Violent Victimization Among State Prison Inmates”. Violence and victims 28 (3): 531-551. doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.11-00141
Wooldredge, John, y Benjamin Steiner. 2014. “A Bi-level Framework for Understanding Prisoner Victimization”. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30 (1): 141-162. doi.org/10.1007/s10940-013-9197-y
Wooldredge, John, y Benjamin Steiner. 2015. “A Macro-Level Perspective on Prison Inmate Deviance”. Punishment y Society 17 (2): 230-257.doi.org/10.1177/1462474515577151
Derechos de autor 2020 URVIO. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Urvio, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad opera bajo licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-Sin Obra Derivada 3.0 Unported (CC BY-ND 3.0).
Los autores/as que publiquen en Urvio aceptan estos términos:
Usted es libre de compartir — copiar y redistribuir el material en cualquier medio o formato para cualquier finalidad, incluso comercial. Por tanto, autores conservan los derechos de autor y ceden a la revista el derecho de la primera publicación (CC BY-ND 3.0), que permite a terceros la redistribución, comercial o no comercial, de lo publicado siempre y cuando el artículo circule sin cambios.
Existen las siguientes condiciones para los autores:
Reconocimiento — Debe reconocer la autoría, proporcionar un enlace a la licencia e indicar si se han realizado cambios. Puede hacerlo de cualquier manera razonable, pero no de una manera que sugiera que tiene el apoyo del licenciador o lo recibe por el uso que hace.
Sin Obra Derivada — Si remezcla, transforma o crea a partir del material, no puede difundir el material modificado.
Para más detalles, visitar la página de Creative Commons (CC).
